Guiding Students Toward Career Readiness
by: Sarah E. Ross, M.Ed.
Footbridge Education LLC
Northeast Association Of Learning Specialists (NEALS)
The term “career readiness” appears everywhere—in program outcomes, strategic plans, and everyday conversations with colleagues—but what does it actually mean? In my observations of college, graduate, and medical students, readiness for a career, and especially for a specific professional path, emerges most clearly in how students approach increasingly complex tasks: studying more intentionally, monitoring their understanding, and adjusting when familiar strategies no longer meet the expectations of the work (Cutrer et al., 2019; McGuire, 2015; Zimmerman, 2002).
By the time first-year students arrive on campus, many have already developed strong recall-based study habits: rewriting notes, following rubrics meticulously, or rereading until the material feels “comfortable.” These strategies often served them well earlier in their schooling. But as cognitive demands rise—particularly in upper-level or professional coursework—I’ve heard familiar refrains: “I studied for hours, but the exam didn’t look anything like what I reviewed,” or “I studied for hours and still failed—I don’t understand how.” Students are often convinced, with all this “failure,” that they’ve chosen the wrong career path—and then start to panic: I thought I was on my way to becoming a nurse/doctor/social worker…so what now? What happens if I don’t make it?
These questions—about uncertainty, decision-making, and applying knowledge in real contexts—continue to shape how I think about professional preparation. When I began working with medical students, I first encountered the Master Adaptive Learner (MAL) model, and it immediately gave language to what I was seeing. Its cycle—Planning, Learning, Assessing, Adjusting—captures the adaptive moves students are already trying to make (Cutrer et al., 2019), or at least the moves they need to make to develop academic effectiveness and, ultimately, career readiness.
The MAL model aligns closely with frameworks many educators already use. For example, it resonates strongly with Bloom’s Taxonomy (Louisiana State University Center for Academic Success, n.d.): students often prepare at one level while being assessed at another. They rely on flashcards without practicing application, or reread and rewrite notes instead of engaging in retrieval and analysis. Once students recognize that the task requires a higher level of thinking than the strategy they’re using, their frustration begins to make sense—and their learning becomes more intentional.
One of the most powerful tools I use to teach this shift—from relying on recall-based strategies to engaging in higher-level thinking—is the Study Cycle, adapted from Frank Christ’s PLRS system (Louisiana State University Center for Academic Success, n.d.) and expanded by Saundra McGuire (2015). Grounded in Bloom’s Taxonomy, the Study Cycle clearly distinguishes
passive review strategies from deeper, retrieval- and application-based learning; it helps students break learning into deliberate phases—previewing and asking questions before class, actively engaging during class, reviewing soon after, and then spacing retrieval and application over time. When I teach it, students can almost always pinpoint where their process is breaking down.
These approaches reflect broader research on how learners make sense of complex tasks. Ritchhart, Church, and Morrison (2011) emphasize the value of making reasoning visible, helping students uncover misconceptions and clarify their approaches. Zimmerman’s (2002) model of self-regulated learning highlights cycles of forethought, performance, and reflection—skills essential for deeper learning. Nilson (2013) shows how learners strengthen awareness and adaptability when taught to monitor and adjust their strategies. And Oakley, Rogowsky, and Sejnowski (2021) illustrate why students benefit from shifting between focused, detail-oriented thinking and more expansive, big-picture thinking, especially when grappling with unfamiliar problems.
So, what is career readiness? As a start, it may be most useful to understand it as a series of small turning points: noticing a gap early, shifting from memorizing to self-testing, or adjusting a strategy after evaluating what actually worked. Over time, these moments accumulate and help learners grow into career-focused thinkers capable of planning, evaluating, and adapting.
Want to continue the conversation? There’s so much more to discuss about this topic—including the social-emotional skills needed to be career ready (and how to teach them), the role of self-regulated learning, how educators can help secondary-school students build strong career-readiness habits, and the reliable metacognitive tools that can transform students’ experiences of school and career confidence. For now, recognizing how students adjust their study strategies as tasks become more complex leads naturally to thinking about how they can become more adaptable, flexible, open, and curious in their professional work. Keep an eye out for upcoming opportunities to explore how we can better support students on the path toward becoming “career ready.” I look forward to connecting.
References
Cutrer, W. B., Pusic, M., Gruppen, L. D., Hammoud, M. M., & Santen, S. A.
(Eds.). (2019). The Master Adaptive Learner. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Louisiana State University Center for Academic Success. (n.d.). Bloom’s
Taxonomy.
Louisiana State University Center for Academic Success. (n.d.). The Study Cycle
(adapted from Frank Christ’s PLRS system).
McGuire, S. Y. (2015). Teach students how to learn. Stylus Publishing.
Nilson, L. B. (2013). Creating self-regulated learners: Strategies to strengthen
students’ self-awareness and learning skills. Stylus Publishing.
Oakley, B., Rogowsky, B. A., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2021). Uncommon sense
teaching: Practical insights in brain science to help students learn. Tarcher Perigee.
Ritchhart, R., Church, M., & Morrison, K. (2011). Making thinking visible: How to
promote engagement, understanding, and independence for all learners. Jossey-Bass. Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70.